Yesterday I watched a documentary about how the EU have externalized its borders the last 8 years. The UK benefits partly of those agreements as it makes harder for migrants to travel to the UK, plus a new agreement will be signed in the near future for a collaboration with Frontex, the EU border agency. To some extent, the increase of asylum seekers reaching the UK is an effect from Brexit as the UK doesn't benefit anymore from the Dublin mechanism. Asylum seekers are aware that by going to the UK, it will be harder to be deported.
Anyway, this externalization of the borders led to agreements with governments like Turkey, Tunisia, Niger etc. Turkey is known to be using the agreements it has with the EU to blackmail the EU to get more funds for instance, threatening to release refugees stuck in Turkey if they don't get what they want. Belarus and its backer did it in 2022 when it massed 30 000 migrants at its border with Poland. Niger might not anymore as a proxy border since the coup last summer - unless if, I guess, the EU decides to recognize the new government. It is also partly why Wagner mercenaries under russian leadership are supporting coups in countries of the Sahel as it jeopardizes any agreement to block migrants towards Europe. Basically, those agreements have weakened the EU because it can be easily blackmailed,it also entails making agreements with governments with shady practices of human rights (Hello Tunisia etc.). It's very costly and not that effective, as as soon one channel is closed through one of these agreements, another one is opening.
The idea of sending asylum seekers to a third country, like Rwanda have similar flaws (super costly, agreements with a shady government, not effective unless thousands of asylum seekers can be sent every month, which seems currently unrealistic). Plus, on a human rights level, sending against their will people in a country they have no link, it's not far away from participating actively to human traffic... All those uneffective solutions looked by the EU and UK politicians are happening in a context where they know they have to be seen that they are doing something against the stream of migrants coming to Europe. It doesn't really solve the problem, it leads to many deaths (people dying in the Sahara, drowning in the sea etc.) and brings a steady amount of people to be trafficked.
The point that is rarely discussed is why the flux of migrants towars Europe is constantly increasing? It's lazy to believe it is just for benefiting from social welfare - who would put up with travelling on dangerous roads, working as a slave in places like Libya to be able to finish the journey etc, just to get access to social welfare? The thing is a big amount of migrants come from countries: A) That have been plunged into chaos - sometimes for decades - because of external interventions and/or because of the leadership of a manic dictator, eg. Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Sudan etc. B) That have been chronically poor because of the looting of their ressources by paramilitaries forces collaborating with big multinationals, helped by the elites of these countries (Nigeria, RDC, Centralafrique, etc.). In general, many migrants come from countries that have been repeteadly destabilized by geopolitical actors who benefit from the chaos. They are also coming from countries where climate change effects are being felt more than other places (farmers from Pakistan, Bengladesh, Tchad etc.).
The thing is that European countries are rarely opposing those who are delibaretely seeking chaos and external interventionism (sometimes our governments are absolute complicit) in all these countries, leading to massive exodus. There are little attempts to limit the collaboration of multinationals with whom we have ties with violent paramilitaries or greedy elites of the countries where they get their raw supply. There is no interest to reform the WTO even though its current structures are highly damaging for countries that are mainly productors of raw materials (many countries of the global South). We can keep on voting for harder and harder immigration laws, putting in place ineffective systems like Rwanda or externalising borders, it won't diminish efficiently the migration pressure. It will just lead to more black labour, exploitation, trafficking etc. I know that Europe cannot do much alone against those situations in the global South, that other powerful actors are actively participating those catastrophic situations - like Russia, the US, China, the Gulf states etc., but it is absolute madness to be silent and participating to it when it brings uncontrollable migration towards Europe with all the effects we are living today.